How much CO2 is stored in Kazakhstan?
In Kazakhstan, CO 2 produced from Ammonia production accounts for only 0.2% (Fig. 4). Seven storage sinks from the CCS hubs are considered for CO 2 storage. The Precaspian basin, with a potential total effective storage of 602 Gt CO 2 (Abuov et al., Dec. 2020), shares three storage sinks for Atyrau, Oral, and Aktobe CCS hubs.
How much power does Kazakhstan have?
Kazakhstan boasts a significant power generation capacity of 23.6 GW, with 82% coming from 68 plants, including combined heat and power, condensing, gas turbine, and gas engine plants fueled by coal, petroleum, and natural gas (Bui et al., 2018). Coal is largely used in Central and North Kazakhstan, while hydrocarbons are mainly used in the West.
Why does Kazakhstan cluster over a long distance?
The Central and North regions of Kazakhstan are the country's industrial centers. Therefore, the reason for clustering over a long distance is the high density of emitters in the North and the location of the nearest storage site in the South. 5.2.6.
What are the CO2 quality standards for CCS operations in Kazakhstan?
As of now, Kazakhstan has no CO 2 quality standards for CCS operations. Usually, the purity of CO 2 should be more than 95% (by volume) for storage, EOR, and pipeline cases. There are limits on the maximum concentrations of water, nitrogen, and oxygen in the transported and injected gas (Shirley and Myles, 2019).
What if a CO2 pipeline is built in north central Kazakhstan?
For example, if one CO 2 emitter in North Central Kazakhstan decides to build a 2000–2500 km CO 2 pipeline to storage sites in West Kazakhstan to send its CO 2 emissions, that would be quite an expensive project for one enterprise.
How many CO2 emitters are there in Kazakhstan?
Notably, the most significant portion of CO 2 emitters in Kazakhstan refers to the power generation sector, and mainly, the power generation plants are concentrated in the Central-North region of Kazakhstan. In our study, 77 CO 2 emitters from various industries were considered, and the total CO 2 emission rate was around 154 Mt/year.
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